![]() All the described perceptual disorders are associated with migraine suggesting that having migraine, that is, a disorder of sensory processing, is a common link. Similarly, migraine exhibits a multisensory hypersensitivity even in the interictal state with fluctuation during the migraine cycle. ![]() There are clinical and epidemiological overlaps between these disorders. Imaging and electrophysiological findings hint toward network disorders involving the sensory networks and other large-scale networks involved in the management of attention and emotional processing. VSS, fibromyalgia, tinnitus, and PPPD share evidence of a central disturbance in the processing of different stimuli (visual, somatosensory/pain, acoustic, and vestibular) that might lead to hypersensitivity. We performed a PubMed and Google Scholar search with the following terms: visual snow syndrome, entoptic phenomenon, fibromyalgia, tinnitus, migraine, dizziness, persistent postural-perceptual dizziness (PPPD), comorbidities, symptoms, pathophysiology, thalamus, thalamocortical dysrhythmia, and salience network. Clinical overlaps and parallels in pathophysiology might exist in relation to migraine. Epidemiological and clinical studies indicate that other perceptual disorders, such as tinnitus, fibromyalgia, and dizziness, are associated with VSS. Migraine is the most frequent comorbidity. Imaging and electrophysiological findings indicate a hyperexcitability of the primary and secondary visual areas of the brain possibly due to an impairment of inhibitory feedback mechanisms. The clinical picture suggests a hypersensitivity to internal and external stimuli. VSS is characterized by visual snow and additional visual and nonvisual disturbances. The aim of this narrative review is to explore the relationship between visual snow syndrome (VSS), migraine, and a group of other perceptual disorders. The specific aims for this feasibility study include:ĭetermine whether any participant experiences untoward effects of rTMS in the setting of visual snow syndrome and determine the potential drop-out rate of larger study.ĭetermine the performance of a novel scale (Colorado Visual Snow Scale) and two three psychophysical visual processing tasksĭetermine the standard deviation and test-retest reliability for the novel scale and two visual processing tasksĭetermine whether the visual processing tasks perform similar to performance found by the developerĭescribe changes in outcome measures between pre- and post-treatment with rTMS ![]() All visits will take place in the University of Colorado School of Medicine NeuroMag/Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation laboratory on University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus. Treated participants will undergo 10 sessions of rTMS administered 5 times a week over 2 weeks. The study will gather information about the treatment of up to 10 people with VS using rTMS. Colorado rTMS study enrollment has concluded in CO, and data analysis will being in January 2023. ![]()
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